Poetry English language Essay Example For Students

Verse English language Essay Wars have been around for a long time, truth be told, they have been around as long as people have been near. At the point when you then again, Warfare implies tackling issues forcibly (battling, War). The issues that may result to War could be: to pick up land (this could be to pick up power), to get assets from another nation (oil, gold, and precious stones). Religion (this is the War that we are battling now), to help another nation who is baited (possibly hesitantly) into War, this is known as supporting a partner. I feel that the size of Warfare has changed; right off the bat, the weapons utilized in War nowadays have gotten increasingly complex. Today we use auto reload rifles, slug confirmation vests, bombs with sensors and so forth back in World War 1 (WW1) they utilized rifles, knifes and had no information on the automatic weapons that were utilized by the German armed force. Therefore, more individuals will be slaughtered. Furthermore troops can be moved from significant distances much effectively; previously on the off chance that you were in the English armed force (in the medieval times particularly) you were dispatched off to your area of War and you would walk to any place you were requested to battle. These days you are moved in helicopters or fly planes, so the officers can get to the fight zone all the more effectively, so the activity will be done a lot faster therefore. Most governments have now guaranteed that they have an expert armed force. In WW1 Lord Kitchener figured out how to enlist a large number of British men, about 33% of them were either: unfit, excessively youthful or unwell. Presently the military have gotten increasingly advanced, they do wellness tests and clinical and sedate tests to guarantee that the newcomers are solid and steady for battle. In roughly two or three years I could see myself joining the military, ideally the military, it, truth be told, the future I would like to satisfy as a vocation. In the event that I was called up for the military like they were in WW1 then I would feel sure and mitigated on the grounds that it is simpler to get in there. Furthermore I wouldnt need all the worry with the meetings and getting in. I understand that verse can change as indicated by the styles and mentalities of that timeframes. Much the same as everything else, I have contemplated a choice of War sonnets from a timeframe and I am going to think about the perspectives from those occasions. Ive discovered that for the most part individuals who do battle for the most part feel more joyful on the off chance that they have control over what they do, while individuals who fell unhappier are the individuals who have no force, and compelled to go to fight. The main sonnet we took a gander at was a sonnet by William Shakespeare, we understood that it wasnt intended to be a sonnet however it was a discourse separated from a play called Henry V. The discourse was written in 1599, yet the real occasion occurred in 1415, it wasnt precisely a War, however a fight known as the clash of Agincourt. This fight was being battled in light of the fact that England claimed portions of France and France needed their territory back so Henry V called a fight to stop the French winning back the land. The French were presumably proficient troopers, however the English were under qualified laborers who were constrained into fight. They were taken from their homes, walked to a vessel, delivered over to Calle (on the fringe of France) at that point walk over to the front line. So obviously they would feel wiped out, terrified and depleted. The explanation for this sonnet is for Henry V to propel his military by: reminding them about occasions when they have won previously, give strategies, believe in them. .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79 , .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79 .postImageUrl , .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79 , .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79:hover , .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79:visited , .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79:active { border:0!important; } .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79:active , .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: re lative; } .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u60884ffd40df621b48738f 07d2835c79 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u60884ffd40df621b48738f07d2835c79:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The War Zone EssayAlthough Henry V points his words at his warriors, it is written in the first individual, similar to our English dead. This causes the peruser to feel as though the peruser is on the off chance that they are conversing with them, which makes the sonnet additionally intriguing. Henry additionally utilizes blandishment you noblest English this sort of language causes the fighters to feel more significant than they truly are. He additionally utilizes comprehensive language, by when he says dear companions, he causes it appear as though hes causing them to feel included and needed, this would make them need to do this. The greater part of these troopers were workers, and would utilize the weapons of their exchange, (for example, pitch forks, tomahawks, hammers and so forth). He convinces them that they can do this, really when he says I see you stand like greyhounds in the slips. He convinces them since his military would feel uncomfortable and required their assurance lifting. Henry talks in the conventional language in light of the manner in which he talks in a savvy opulent tone, a sort of language that the greater part of us would not see today, for instance as dreadfully as an irked rock Henry talks in a proper language since he is a high status individual, subsequently a proper language is the thing that suits his status. I realize that Henry V is extremely energized and truly appreciates War. I know this since he was the person who sends them out to War in any case. In those days the ruler was the person who chose about when or where they did battle. In those days the lords were really at the cutting edge driving the military out onto the front line. These days government individuals sit in workplaces and choose War as they do on videogames. I realize that Henry V appreciates War from when he says the games in progress; this shows he considers War a game and something that is should be delighted in. So he causes different officers to appreciate it too. So the consequence of this would be that Henry V has all out obligation over what occurs. Actually Henrys armed force won the fight so that is an incident. Shakespeare utilizes clear section in his sonnets; clear refrain implies the association of the sonnets, it additionally is utilized for privileged characters, similar to Henry V was. So it is a method of recognizing fundamental characters in Shakespeares plays. A case of this is again unto the penetrate again. This contains something clear section consistently contains, for example, poetic pattern, which implies the depiction of clear stanza.

Bank of the Philippine Islands Free Essays

BANK OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI) is that country’s second-biggest bank, trailing just Metropolitan Bank ; Trust. It is additionally the Philippines’ most established bank and one of the most seasoned of every Asian bank. BPI offers a full scope of business and retail money related administrations, including corporate account administrations, resource the executives, and financier and other monetary counseling administrations. We will compose a custom exposition test on Bank of the Philippine Islands or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now BPI’s retail arrange incorporates in excess of 700 branches all through the Philippines, just as branches in New York, Hong Kong, and Tokyo. The bank likewise works a system of in excess of 1,200 mechanized teller machines and in excess of 8,500 retailer-based retail location machines. In 1999, BPI spearheaded web based banking in the Philippines with the dispatch of online bank BPI Direct in 1999. Notwithstanding its financial items and administrations, BPI has likewise built up a solid non-extra security activity, mainly under auxiliary BPI/MS Insurance Corporation. Recorded on the Philippines Stock Exchange, BPI has for quite some time been dominant part constrained by Philippines combination Ayala Corporation. * pioneer in electronic banking, having presented the majority of the firsts in the business, for example, * mechanized teller machines (ATMs), * a retail location charge framework * booth banking * telephone banking web banking * versatile banking * possessed by the Ayala Corporation Business Evolution * post World War II time, BPI advanced from a simply business bank to a completely broadened general bank * achieved mostly through mergers and acquisitions in the eighties when it assimilated a venture house, a stockbrokerage organization, a renting organization, a reserve funds bank, and a retail account organization * Since the late 1990s †culminated three bank mergers * 1996 †converged with City Trust Banking Corporation 2000 * fulfilled the greatest merger then in the financial business when it converged with the previous Far East Bank ; Trust Company (FEBTC) * formalized its securing of three significant insurance agencies in the life, non-life and reinsurance fields * 2005 †obtained and converged with Prudential Bank MERGERS April 2007 †Bank of the Philippine Islands (Europe) Plc * October 2008 †BPI, Ayala Corporation and Globe Telecom consented to a Memorandum of Arrangement to shape the country’s first portable microfinance bank * 2009 †went into a key bancassurance association with The Philippine American Life Insurance Company (Philamlife) to frame BPI-Philam Life Assurance Corp Principal Subsidiaries * BPI Family Savings Bank, Inc. * BPI Capital Corporation * BPI Leasing Corporation * BPI Direct Savings Bank * BPI International Finance Limited, Hong Kong BPI Express Remittance Corporation * Bank of the Philippine Island (Europe) Plc, * Ayala Plans, Inc. * BPI/MS1 Insurance Corporation Reasons Of merger * Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala, BPI’s Chairman, said the buy would advance â€Å"enhance† the tasks of BPI with expanded or augmented system. * New motivator bundle by BSP concerning mergers and acquisitions * BPI has been watching out for some great acquisitions so as to reinforce its situation as a rising territorial monetary powerhouse. The merger apparently offers a decent key fit to BPI in infiltrating the alluring client section of Prudential made for the most part out of center market business people. * With the merger, BPI will cement its situation as the country’s second biggest manage an account with consolidated resources totaling P456. 09 billion. * BPI hopes to pick up at any rate 200,000 new records with the procurement. BPI and FAR EAST BANK TRUST COMPANY MERGER The lion's share investors of the Bank of Philippine Islands (BPI) and Far East B ank and Trust Co. FEBTC) endorsed the merger of the two banks, making the consolidated element the tenth biggest money related organization in the district with over $3. 5 billion in capital. The merger shot BPI/FEBTC as the country’s biggest bank, representing 14 percent of the whole banking industry’s absolute assets with combinedâ assets of P372. 4 billion. The blended organization will likewise have the biggest branch system of 680. BPI president Xavier Loinaz, in a meeting, said they expect the coordination of the two banks to be solidified before the finish of March this year. We imagine that by end of March this year, they (merger process) would be falling into place,† Loinaz stated, when gotten some information about the merger timetable. FEBTC president Octavio Espiritu guaranteed FEBTC representatives that they will work out approaches to sift out residual issues in regards to the merger especially the conceivable enormous relocation of FEBTC staff. Wh ile they are finishing the mix, both Loinaz and Espiritu said the presentation of their particular banks in 1999 was generally â€Å"flat†. â€Å"We haven’t seen any development for the year, essentially a similar level as a year ago. Advances are level for 1999,† Loinaz stated, including that BPI’s bottomline was additionally â€Å"flat†. Something very similar with FEBTC, Espiritu said the bank’s pay was down because of advances provisioning adding up to about P2 billion for the year. This year, Loinaz said they are as yet trusting that the economy will pivot. â€Å"Last year was very baffling. We demonstrated a slight drop in (bottomline) the past year,† he included. Loinaz said they don't expect â€Å"too much† from the principal year of merger of BPI and FEBTC. In any case, he educated the investor that for 2000, the professional forma anticipated income per share for the combined bank would be 5. 37 percent, 6. 31 percent in 2001 and 6. 79 percent in 2001. In view of BPI’s shutting cost on Oct. 20, 1999, the day that the merger understanding was marked and declared, the trade proportion spoke to a suggested estimation of P82. 50 for every FEBTC share or an inferred premium of 18 percent to FEBTC’s shutting cost on that day. As indicated by Loinaz, they anticipate working with DBS Bank which presently possesses around 20 percent of the consolidated bank. DBS Bank is the second biggest bank in the area. Step by step instructions to refer to Bank of the Philippine Islands, Essay models

Thirteen Things To Do Over IAP #6-13

Thirteen Things To Do Over IAP #6-13 I am aware that it is no longer IAP, but I figure it’s better late than never, right? 6. Work as an EMT As you may (or may not) know, last IAP I took the MIT EMS class to become a certified emergency medical technician and joined the MIT student volunteer service. There are quite a few members in the service so during the semester, it can be difficult to get shifts during times that you are available. Since I have classes all morning and tennis practice from 5-7pm, I usually end up taking the overnight shifts from 11pm-8am. Thankfully, there is a nifty little bunkroom underneath Stata where the three-person crew stays while on shift, equipped with squishy sofas and bunk beds for sleeping. My plan for the last two weeks of IAP was to take as many shifts as I could while a lot of people were away, otherwise occupied with other IAP-y things. Looking back at the calendar, I managed to claim 37 hours of shifts over two weeks, working mostly on the 8am-12pm and 12pm-5pm shifts. Being an EMT is one of those things where reading the material and knowing the facts can only get you so far. Actually being on scene with a living, breathing person is very different from running through checklists in your head or verbalizing protocols for a state exam. It took me almost a year of watching others, attempting things on my own, doing drills, and talking over countless patient encounters before I really felt comfortable and confident. There is a steep learning curve at first, facilitated by a creeping shadow of pseudo-imposter syndrome that doesn’t seem to go away until you realize that you’re only going to be as good as you believe you can be. I’ve been spending a lot of time in the bunk room this IAP, trying my best to be a sponge (in the best metaphorical sense possible), but during that time, I’ve also had the chance to have some rather interesting conversations with some amazing people. If you want to have really random conversations, I’d suggest getting started before 8am. Your body is, for all intents and purposes, awake, but your mind is still grumpily mumbling about going back to sleep and therefore more likely to spew out random word vomit. 7. Scavenge for food That one time we weren’t on meal plan There is one glorious thing about IAP that is often overlooked amidst all the excitement about travel, learning, and an overall broadening of the student body’s horizons. That’s right: no mandatory meal plan over IAP. During the semester, Maseeh requires that all freshmen enroll in the full 19 meals per week plan and all sophomores have a minimum plan of 12 meals a week, but during IAP, all dining is optional. That one time I fed myself for two weeks I fed myself in a couple of different ways this IAP. For one, I would sometimes go to Trader Joe’s to pick up some oatmeal, fruit, or other sandwich materials (as well as a few free samples) that would last me about a week. Additionally, every time I was on shift in the morning or afternoon, I had the added bonus of being able to eat with the crew, which covered quite a few breakfasts and lunches. The remaining meals were filled in with jaunts to Kendall Square, the student center, or random food-adventures. I love cooking (even though at times I have no idea what I’m doing in the kitchen) so sometimes living in Maseeh and its lack of a proper kitchen space breaks my heart. But I moved in knowingly, making compromises for some of its other positive qualities. That one time I ate sardines for a whole day Right before Juno hit, I went to Star Market to stock up on food in case I couldn’t get out during the blizzard. I hear starving is really bad for you. As I perused the store, I noted the numerous other grocery-shoppers milling about the aisles, the baskets piled high with non-perishable and dried goods, and the eerily barren shelves, à la let’s-prepare-for-the-zombie-apocalypse. Following some sage advice I had received earlier that week, I decided to purchase two tins of sardines as well as a can of green beans that I bought on a whim. With my non-perishable sustenance in hand, I returned to Maseeh, confident in my preparation for the following day. As predicted, there was an ample amount of soft, white snow that coated the ground in a layer of pristine powder, disturbed only by oblong imprints left behind by trail-blazing students. With public transportation out of service and myself in no mood to venture outside, I settled down and heated myself a bowl of scrumptious microwave oatmeal. I mean, it probably would have been scrumptious if I hadn’t decided to mix in a whole tin of sardines, half a can of green beans, and a splash of soy sauce. Yeah, not my finest moment. The sludgy mixture smelled oddly fishy and had a silvery gleam from the parts where slivers of sardine skin caught the glittering beams of lamplight, oh so perfectly. In an effort to save the disastrous experiment, I added more soy sauce and some sesame oil for good measure. It was barely palatable. Not one to waste any food though, I scarfed it down and then proceeded to rinse the taste from my mouth with copious amounts of water. The day passed otherwise uneventfully. The GRTs on each floor had thoughtfully put out a few loaves of bread, peanut butter, jelly, and other assorted snacks in case some students hadn’t prepared themselves adequately for the weather and its accompanying inconveniences. When dinner came around, I was confronted with a frightful little tin on my desk, mockingly labelled “SARDINES”. I needed a new approach. Sardine oatmeal was just not going to cut it. Ever resourceful, I scavenged a slice of bread from the lounge and smeared a layer of creamy peanut butter onto it. Back in my room, I popped open the tin of sardines and carefully removed each tiny, beheaded fish body by its tail before laying them carefully in a neat row on top of the bread. Look at this masterpiece.   The open-faced sandwich was strangely satisfying and I devoured the soft, peppery creation in minutes. The sardine experiment ended up being a success and I survived the snowmageddon. The canned green beans experiment, however, was a great failure. Do not attempt. 8. Go on adventures With more free time on the weekends thanks to a lack of homework or test preparation, I had more time to go out and about. Most of my adventures involve going somewhere to eat, so I took advantage of my meal plan freedom to try new places around Cambridge and Boston: http://www.yelp.com/biz/lucy-ethiopian-cafe-boston-2?osq=ethiopian+food http://www.yelp.com/biz/wheelhouse-boston-3 http://www.yelp.com/biz/shabu-and-mein-cambridge-3 Last year, as I was perusing the internet for interesting things to do during IAP in Cambridge, I stumbled upon the event heading: The Legendary 4th Annual Chocolate Festival in Harvard Square (this year obviously being the 5th annual festival). Free chocolate samples from well-known vendors like JP Licks or Wagamama? Count me in. We trekked through the snow to Café Luna for brunch before taking the 1 bus all the way down to Harvard Square around noon. Since there was still an hour or more before the event officially began, and because of the damp falling snow, we took shelter in the Harvard Coop Bookstore where we ambled through the winding bookshelves aimlessly. Finally, the time came for us to stuff our faces with chocolate: There was a neat little drum performance in the middle of the square during the chocolate festival. Yum. There was also deliciously steamy hot chocolate. 9. Frolic in the snow and survive a snowmageddon The Charles blanketed with snow. Also the gloved hand of Ava 16. Maseeh in the snow. Lying in the snow by Killian Court with Joy 18 and Dora 18. Let’s just say that I really need to invest in some proper snow frolicking gear. 10. Investigate volunteer opportunities I’ve always wanted to volunteer at a hospital so I could not only learn more about how hospitals function on a day-to-day level, but also to interact with and help out patients. Luckily, one of the best hospitals in the country, Massachusetts General Hospital, is a short one-stop T-ride across the river. I took advantage of my free time over IAP to sign-up for a mandatory orientation meeting. During the school year, what with exam dates, psets, and other miscellaneous activities it was hard for me to attend the meetings which were usually scheduled for the middle of the afternoon. Now, the only thing left is my follow-up interview next Tuesday and hopefully I’ll be able to start as soon as possible! 11. Career planning via GECD GECD stands for Global Education Career Development and though I’d heard about it before, I never knew exactly what it was. I’d gotten emails from them about different events but never really paid any attention. Some internet snooping revealed this statement on their webpage: “GECD seeks to empower MIT students and alumni to achieve lifelong success through seamless access to transformative global experiences, comprehensive and holistic career services, and mutually beneficial connections with employers and with graduate and professional schools.” Over IAP, I received an email from the GECD office concerning IAP site visits. Curious, I opened it up and found out that they had coordinated with some Boston and Cambridge area companies such as CDK Global and Google to have a group of around 30 students, both undergraduate and graduate, come in for a visit. Since I also have an interest in research, I’ve been looking into summer internships at pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. One of the sites was to Vertex Pharmaceuticals: I signed up and when Friday the 23rd arrived, I put on some sharp business attire and took the long T ride and stroll through downtown Boston and into Seaport. Downtown Boston looking beautiful in the crisp winter cold.   During the visit, we got to hear from a human resources representative about career opportunities, the culture at Vertex, and general information about the actual laboratory space. Next, a panel of MIT alumni came out and fielded general questions, being sure to specifically address how their MIT background made a difference in their career trajectories. A tour of the facilities concluded the visit and I left, not only better acquainted with Vertex, but also with some of the ways in which GECD provides services to students. 12. Learn new things Sometimes I imagine that I could spend all of my days lying on the floor and staring at the ceiling. But when it comes down to it, I get fidgety and I start looking for ways to spend my time. I’ve been working at Tufts Medical Center since this summer on a clinical research project. We are currently in the data analysis phase so I decided that I was going to start learning how to use the SAS data analysis suite. It’s a fairly common statistical analytics software and since I had just taken 6.0001, I figured I could handle learning a new language. I’ve been watching training videos and tinkering around with pretend excel sheets for the last month or so and I’m slowly getting the hang of it. While I’m no course 6, I think Im starting to appreciate how powerful coding can be. 13. Register for classes Remember how I was so indecisive about classes at the beginning of the semester? Well, with registration day sneaking up out of nowhere on February 2, I made some final decisions: 7.05 General Biochemistry 20.310 Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Biomechanics 20.109 Laboratory Fundamentals of Biological Engineering 21F.704 Spanish IV The first three courses are all major requirements and the fourth, Spanish IV, will most likely be categorized under my HASS concentration, which as of now is Spanish, but I haven’t made any permanent decisions yet. 20.109 is my first lab class and while I’ve heard it’s a lot of work (it’s also 1-5pm on Wednesdays and Fridays), I’m really excited for some of the future modules, namely the last one in which we get to build solar cells with the help of viral phages. I ultimately decided to take one less class so that I could leave room for my new UROP. Im super excited to be working in a tissue engineering lab this semester and although Im just now learning a lot of new protocols and methodologies, Im optimistic about this project and the new research direction that Im taking this year.

Summary Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest - 1505 Words

The context of the novel is explored through the background of the author in order to understand the purpose of the text. Ken Kelsey is born in 1935, in La Junta, Colorado.(Biography) During his years at Stanford, he worked as a night attendant on the psychiatric ward of a hospital, where he witnessed the treatment of the inmates and the effects of the sterile structure on their identity and sanity. (NY Times) His experience at the hospital as a aid and as a voluntary experiment subject led to the birth of his 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest. (NY Times) Through the novel, he communicates his dissent against the post-war society that castrates men by sypressing their sexulity and sacrifices their spirit. In One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest, he constructs a mental ward that held microcosmic resemblance to the post-war American society. He critiques power in American society through descriptions of the Combine and highlights the virtues of male strength and sexuality by placi ng them in opposition to the ruthless characteristics of females. Nurse Ratched, an oppressive female figure of power, emasculates her patients to empower herself. She represents Kesey s fear of a feminizing society. Randall McMurphy’s struggle against Nurse Ratched and the system of the â€Å"combine† represents a struggle between gender for power. His culminating sacrifice for the group by attacking Nurse Ratched is analogous to a rape act, which links manhood with virility. The inconclusive

Cell Phones And Its Effects On Society - 888 Words

Cell phones are one of the numerous technologies that have changed our lives in astounding ways. Similar to any external stimuli, cell phone usage can form an addiction that negatively impacts your life. Two covers for The New Yorker, â€Å"Unmasked† and â€Å"Sweet Nothings† convey the same message of cell phone addiction distracting people from living in the present moment and enjoying their lives. â€Å"Unmasked† depicts parents taking their children trick-or-treating, which would normally be an enjoyable moment for any parent, but in this case the parents are engrossed in their phones. The image has a very eerie feel to it, everyone and everything is dark colors. The only warm colors come from the white masks the children wear, the orange tinted light emitting from the doors and windows of the three houses, and the white light being emitted from the parent’s cell phone. The light from the parent’s phones effectively creates a mask, covering them from their children and the enjoyment right in front of them. The image suggests that the parents are in the Halloween spirit too, but their costume is that of a zombie who mindlessly walks around. The face of the houses in the picture are similar to the face of a human faces, suggesting that inanimate objects are viewing the joyous moment more than the parents. In her essay â€Å"Our Cell Phones, Ourselves† Christine Rosen quotes a study by Erving Goffman, stating â€Å"One of the groups Goffman studied keenly were mental patients†¦how often people whoShow MoreRelatedCell Phones And Its Effects On Society Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world resemble in the event that we didn t have any cell phones? Why is it that we get out of our comfort zone when we do not have access to our phones? Nowadays, cell phones have such a noteworthy effect on our day to day lives, and we owe it to the advancement of technology. In this research paper, we will take a closer look at t his phenomenon by examining the evolution of cell phone devices, and it’s effects on society. Cell phones, as we know them haven’t been around for that long. The quickRead MoreCell Phone Effect on Society1526 Words   |  7 PagesClass Date Title How often do we see some people in society now a days on their phones? Whether this be to someone checking their Facebook or just messaging their friends to let them know where they are. How often could you witness to how they could cause accidents such as not paying attention when crossing the road, crime such as the increase in phones being stolen, or car accidents in the split second in which one is looking down at their phone rather than paying attention to what is on the roadRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effect On Society1400 Words   |  6 Pagespossible to carry a phone and still use it, since then there have been millions upon millions released through these forty three years of its existence, every year with a different model, system, camera, you name it, the possibilities are endless! The advantages cellular devices hold over us are massive, from calling a friend situated halfway across the world to ordering food for Memorial High School’s 5th period lunch. Another m ajor factor of our 24/7 nonstop use of the cell phone is texting. TextRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effects On Society940 Words   |  4 Pages Cell phones have been around for hundreds of years. It’s no surprise that more and more people are beginning to partake in cellphone use. Cell phones provide society with an easier way of communicating and obtaining information, but at the same time there are some negative consequences. What most people don’t realize is that cellphones are actually quite harmful to modern society. Scientifically cellphones emit radiations that can potentially produce fatal results. Overall cellphones haveRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effect On Society1480 Words   |  6 Pagesthis technology, the cell phone was created and over the years has advanced itself. The cell phone has become a necessity to many. All ages use this mobile device for either personal or business uses. Higgins states that the amount of cell phones active has increased from â€Å"one billion in 2000 to 6 billion.† Although cell phones paly an important role in the lives of many, the negative possibilitie s could cause destruction to our society. According to Russell Ware, a cell phone is â€Å"any portable telephoneRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effects On Society3111 Words   |  13 Pagesback to the office on the cell phone†, said Seven Spielberg. Everywhere you are no matter what, you will see someone in contact with his or her cell phone. The effects of them cause negative and positive outcomes within our society. Cell phones have influenced society both positive and negative ways regarding teenagers life, social interactions, emergencies crimes, and health. Cell phones have negatively affected teenager’s life in more than one way. First cell phones are a distraction to the wayRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effects On Society1698 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology and technological advances in communication, such as smartphones, were initially introduced in society to connect individuals together. However, because of the growing obsession of smartphones and technology, it becomes evident that technology is causing an opposite effect. The addiction of smart phones and technology has pushed individuals even farther apart. Further, in cell phones, an individual has a different life unknown to the people around him or her. In other words, individualsRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effects On Society2122 Words   |  9 PagesCell phones have become a necessary evil in today s society according to some people. While cell phones can have positive effects, easy access to friends and family also with the police force, paramedics, and firefighter s. The negative effects of cellphones outweigh the positives. Cellphones are dangerous and their use in today s society should be limited. From when the first cell phone was invented to the new apple IPhone 6 since coming out people have been addicted to them. People have gottenRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effects On Society Essay1839 Words   |  8 Pagesaffected by cell phones and mobile phones’ temptations have reduced face-to-face communication among people, attracted people from their study and work, and even harmed their health and life, it is urgent now to find detailed origins behind such phenomenon of cell phone addiction and then find solutions to this serious problem. Until now, on this topic many researchers have investigated people’s average using times of cell phones per day, people’s average amount of time of using cell phones per day,Read MoreCell Phones And Its Effects On Society1991 Words   |  8 Pagesadvantage of it, but is this a good thing? Cell phones are taking over people’s lives and the pattern is going to continue if people keep using cell phones the way they are, and allowing their children to use them equally as much. One s relationships, values, and time management would all be better if cell phones were not as significant of a part of people’s lives as they have become. Howard Rheingold says it so beautifully and accurately. Cell phones and other technology is changing the world and

A Survey of Biometric Fusion Free Essays

A SURVEY OF BIOMETRIC FUSION The Article â€Å"A SURVEY OF BIOMETRIC FUSION† is Taken from Journal IJ-ETA-ETS ( International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Applications in Engineering, Technology and Sciences ) which is written by Ratnasukamal Mohurle ( Prof. , Dept. of Electronics A ; Telecom. We will write a custom essay sample on A Survey of Biometric Fusion or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, India ) and Milind Rane ( Student, Master Degree Program in Signal Processing at Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, India ) . Biometric systems are agencies by which the physical ( or sometimes behavior ) characteristics are used to place a individual or verify the individuality of an machine-controlled individual. It is based on fingerprints, flags, facial images, manus geometry, and talker acknowledgment, among others. The successful executing of biometric systems requires turn toing a figure of issues, including truth, efficiency, hardiness, pertinence, and catholicity. To better the public presentation of biometric system we use of multiple types of biometric informations or method of processing. Fusion methods are used in such diverse Fieldss as Internet hunt engines, analysis of satellite imagination, and analysis of medical trial consequences. Fusion, it is based on uniting informations at assorted degrees. The chief intent of Fusion has been used successfully for old ages in designation systems automated fingerprint graduated table ( AFIS ) , which combine informations from multiple fingers and multiple processing methods ; so. Now a twenty-four hours, assorted signifiers of merger are used in a figure of different types of biometric systems. It can be used to turn to a figure of issues faced by the interior decorators, implementers, and operators of biometric systems as FirstAccuracyin this Fusion can be used really efficaciously to better the overall truth. The truth of biometric system is normally expressed in footings of maximising the True Accept Rate1 ( TAR ) and minimizes the False Acceptance Rate ( FAR ) . SecondEfficiencyin this Fusion can be used to increase efficiency, or to let tradeoffs between efficiency and truth. ThirdRobustnessit refers to the ability of a system to go on to work every bit accurately as p ossible despite the jobs. FourthlyApplicabilityit refers to the suitableness of a system for a undertaking, the demand to work with bequest informations frequently dictates biometric modes that can be used. it can be used in concurrence with multiple bing information beginnings. And in conclusionUniversalityit can be used, for grounds such as amputations, hurts or unwellness. Multimodal systems and multiple cases can offer options so that all people can utilize a system. A sample is converted in characteristic extractor package into a templet ( machine representation, characteristic set ) . The agencies by which informations can be fused are known as thedegreesof merger, which correspond to the phases of treating first phase isDetectoraˆ?degree mergerit involves consolidating the grounds presented by multiple beginnings of natural informations before they are subjected to have extraction. it can profit systems that gaining control multiple snapshots of the same multi-biometric sample.second phase isFutureaˆ?degreemergerit converts samples ( images ) into simplified computing machine representations known as templets or characteristic sets. Third phase isMarkaˆ?degreemergerit refers to methods in which multiple samples, cases, or modes are compared, and the resulting similarity tonss ( or chances ) are combined to organize a individual fused mark. Fourth and last phase isDecisionaˆ?degreemergerit is used in the same instances as scorea ˆ?level merger, but the tonss are turned into match/nonaˆ?match determinations before merger. Now discoursing about the restriction of biometric merger, of class, merger comes at a monetary value. Roll uping extra informations takes clip, adds complexness and cost to the aggregation procedure. Collection of an increased sum of biometric information is likely to increase public concerns about privateness issues and meddlesomeness. Finally I can reason that Biometric merger is defined loosely as the usage of multiple types of biometric informations or processing methods for bettering the public presentation of biometric systems. Fusion works by uniting information from multiple beginnings. This is done to better the truth, efficiency, and hardiness of biometric systems. These documents gives an debut to biometric merger, and intentionally address the assorted ways that merger can be used, the complexnesss of operational utilizations of merger, proficient accounts of the assorted methods of implementing merger, and include extended empirical consequences. Journal Article ( 2 ) : – Comparative Analysis of IEEE 802.11 DCF The Article â€Å"Comparative Analysis of IEEE 802.11 DCF† is Taken from Journal GGGI Journal of Engineering A ; Technology which is written by Er. Saurabh Mittal and Er. Ankita Mittal. Now a twenty-four hours, wireless local country webs ( WLANs ) have played a of import function in the information communications A ; networking countries, holding witnessed a important development. In the 802.11 protocol specification, specifies two basic mechanisms of entree, i.e. distributed coordination map ( DCF ) and Point coordination map ( PCF ) . DCF is the most widely used mechanism is a random entree strategy, based on the way of running multiple entrees with hit turning away CSMA / CA protocol. Retransmission of collided packages is managed through binary exponential back off regulations. DCF describes two techniques to be used for package transmittal i.e. indispensable entree mechanism and petition to direct ( RTS ) / ( CTS ) mechanism-clear-to-send. If there is no on-going trans mittal to an internal short ( DEFI ) manner can convey its package. If the medium is busy, a manner has to wait until the terminal of the current transmittal. The back hold is chosen to be a random figure of slots between the channel 0 and the window size contrary ( CW ) . In this paper, we focus on the development of system public presentation DCF, presuming ideal channel conditions and finite burden conditions. In the literature, the output of 802.11 development was carried out by agencies of simulation or by agencies of analytical theoretical accounts with the premises of simplified regulations transporting hold. Now I am discoursing about patterning for IEEE 802.11 DCF, Markov theoretical accounts in distinct clip have been summarized by 802.11 DCF standardized protocols. This theoretical account is so used to deduce the end product channel which is defined as the fraction of clip the channel that is used for existent informations transmittal. In this paper, we focus on the â€Å" public presentation impregnation † , define as the bound range by the being throughput by increasing the offered burden. The fake bing burden has been created harmonizing to a Poisson arrival procedure of fixed size packages ( equal to 8184 spots ) , where the reac hing rate was varied throughout the simulation to fit burden offered ideal. The chief function of this attempt is the analytical appraisal of transmittal channel, presuming ideal channel conditions and finite burden conditions. During the analysis, a fixed figure of Stationss and obtained the stationary chance that the station transmits a package in a generic clip slot is assumed. We express the public presentation of basic methods and RTS / CTS entree based on the deliberate value. In IEEE 802.11 DCF, there are two options for medium entree, viz. 1 ) the basic entree strategy and 2 ) the request-to send attention of the line uping behavior based on the M/G/1/K theoretical account, and 2 ) the â€Å"service subsystem† that characterizes the service clip distribution. Finally from above given article we have understood an analytical theoretical account to analyze the public presentation of IEEE 802.11 DCF in footings of impregnation conditions and finite burden. The chief part of our survey is that we consider the impact of different realistic factors together, including binary exponential back off, assorted incoming traffic tonss, line uping system at the MAC bed, and imperfect radio channels, which has ne’er been addressed in a comprehensive mode before. In the analysis, we derive some public presentation prosodies common web, such as package transmittal chance, the chance of hit and channel public presentation. We should detect that the maximal accomplishable capacity is the same burden conditions as for finite impregnation status after which goes into impregnation. Besides with increasing arrival rate of packages from nodes postulating public presentation remains the same. Extensive analysis and simulation consequences show that our ana lytical theoretical account can accurately foretell the hold and throughput of IEEE 802.11 DCF under different channels and traffic conditions. Journal Article ( 3 ) : – The importance and development of nucleus route web The Article â€Å"The importance and development of nucleus route network† is Taken from Journal GGGI Journal of Engineering A ; Technology which is written by Praveen Aggarwal and Saurav Jaglan. Road conveyance is the lone manner that can give the best service to each and every one. This manner besides has maximal flexibleness to go with mention to the path, way, clip and velocity through any agencies of route vehicle. Door to door service is possible merely on the route. The other manner to state, Air, H2O and rail has to trust on route conveyance service to and from their several terminuss. Therefore, it is necessary The route web non merely to function as a eating system for other manners of conveyance and to finish them, but besides to supply independent travel route by a well planned route web f. It has been shown that a paved surface in moderately good status can lend to salvaging of 15 to 40 per centum in vehicle. The route web of 3.34 million kilometres of India is the 2nd largest in the universe and consists of different classs of roads. Now on the nucleus web is the web of all rural roads that are necessary to supply basic entree to all shops. Identified out of the entire route web and bing roads, and this must be kept in good status at all times. The ground of taking nucleus web is because it helps in optimising the demands, upgrading and care of roads at lesser cost, integrated route web facilitates, provide an inducement to husbandmans to bring forth more marketable excess and besides helps in societal development of rural countries as schools, infirmaries A ; authorities services. There are four major stairss involved in set uping the nucleus web ; first readying of block maps as per the territory rural route be aftering manual, 2nd is placing the market centres, third is totaling the roads and tabular matter of informations, 4th or concluding is placing the nucleus web. To making thes e type of undertaking there are some utile tools used the first 1 is MapInfo it enables to execute complex geographic analysis such as redistricting, accessing informations, dragging and dropping map objects, making thematic maps and much more. Second one tool is Microsoft Excel it is a portion of MS Office used for the readying of stock list, and last A ; really of import Turbo C it is a simple codification used in picturing the footing of our undertaking. Finally we can state that India has a web of rural roads of about 2.70 million kilometers which constitutes over 80 % of the entire route web. Centrally funded â€Å" Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna † ( PMGSY ) was launched in December 2000, with the end of supplying all-weather route connectivity more than 45 % of families are still non connected by route all the clip. To accomplish the nonsubjective the nucleus web construct is introduced. The nucleus web is composed of bing roads and main roads which are non connected lodging constructed. Primary web is non all bing roads since the end is to set up â€Å" basic entree â€Å" , i.e. , one all-weather route connectivity to each flat. In the present survey attempts have been made to develop the route web nucleus or to place the roads that constitute the chief route web. a rapid method of placing roads in the computing machine nucleus web was developed. Mentions: – Degree 0Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2014 How to cite A Survey of Biometric Fusion, Essay examples

Organizational Research and Theory

As defined by Daft (2009), organizations are bodies with goals, structured and coordinated activities, and are linked to the external environment (p.11). Organizational theory depends on how a company operates and how the environment affects the running of the organization. In simple terms, organizational theory, also referred to organizational behavior, is defined as the study of how individuals or groups of persons act in an organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Research and Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organizational research and design are essential during restructuring or effecting changes in organizations; however, it is essential to apply the correct organizational changes to increase effectiveness and efficiency (Bollingtoft, Hakonsson and Niesen, 2009, p.79). Organization theory is a tool used by managers to understand, diagnose, and respond to organizational needs ( Daft, 2009, p.10). This theory can be applied to all industries, for-profit and non-profit organizations. Since organizations are not static, there is need for constant changes to adapt to new environment in the market. Some of the causes of the constant change include globalization, competition, diversity, technology, ethics, and social responsibility. On the other hand, organization designs are means of evaluating which/and why certain methods are chosen to effect and manage structure and culture, and to control activities in order to achieve goals. Moreover, the benefits of proper organizational design are; the company is able to handle contingences, gains competitive edge, facilitate management of diversity, and promote efficiency, speed, and innovation. Introduction to Organizational Theory Code of ethics provides a framework of operation and code of conduct for persons and stakeholders in an organization (Berbeito, 2004, p.122). Code of Ethics The intent of this code is to gui de all stakeholders and employees on lawful and ethical behavior. This code applies to all people including the directors. Various codes of ethics are discussed below. Compliance with laws, regulations, rules, and policies: The employees and the directors should learn and comply with the rules, regulations, and policies of the company and the government, while any contravention will result to disciplinary measures.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conflict of interest: Employees should not engage in activities that will result in conflict of interest; they should engage in acts that promote the interest of the company. Employees’ relations: Employees should promote harmony and avoid discrimination at the work place. In addition, they should embrace diversity, inclusiveness, and understanding. Confidential company information: Confidential company information is defined in three ways: information that is not known to the public, information that confers the company economic advantage and any information that reasonable measures are taken to keep it secret. All employees have the obligation of protecting classified information from the public domain or other competitors. The employees have a clear understanding of what information is confidential or not. Violation: Violation of the code of ethic will result to disciplinary measure to the parties involved, and this may be in form of dismissal, legal recourse, or compensation for losses incurred by the firm as a result of employees failure to comply with the code of ethics. The relationship between organizational theory, design, and change on one hand and organizational structure and culture on the other hand is that, they both depend on each other and influence one another to an extent that neither will be effective without the presence of the other. Organization culture refers to the common values and norms that control how individuals in an organization interact. It includes interaction between members in the organization, with customers and suppliers and other persons outside the organization. On the other hand, the organizational designs are routes picked by managers to manage the structure and culture, while change is the process of current position to a desired one. Organizational structure involves formal or informal frameworks and policies that define reporting relationships, procedures, controls, and authority and decision-making processes. Moreover, organizational structures are indicators of type of culture in an organization. Managers can use these structures to shape the culture, values and strengthen or introduce the desired culture (Daft, 2009, p.381).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Research and Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizational Design within the Global E nvironment There are several types of organizational structures used in organization, each having its advantages and disadvantages. Centralization is a structural policy where the decision-making organ of the organization is concentrated at the top of the organizational hierarchy while decentralization is structure where decisions are made in consideration of all levels of the hierarchy (Griffins and Moorhead, 2009, p.418). Employees at the lower end of hierarchy are involved in decision-making in decentralization, while in centralization, they are not involved. The importance of decentralizing is that decisions are made by the persons who are involved in the implementation – lower rank staff. The factors that affect the balance between centralization and decentralization are purpose and goals of an organization, knowledge, and experience of the executives, size of the organization, geographical dispersion, technical complexity of tasks, and the period of the decision. Furthe r, others include the importance of the decision, views of subordinates, planning and control procedures, and environmental factors (Rao Rao, 1999, p.105). Mutual adjustments and standardization are important in a business organization; however, their application varies from firm to firm. Primarily, mutual adjustment is informal communication between employees about process of their work. On the other hand, standardization refers to planning and implementing of standards and procedures that regulate the performance of duties in an organization (Wagner and Hollenbeck, 2009, p.241). The tasks are specified and programmed by rules and procedures to obtain the required results. Factors that influence striking a balance between mutual adjustment and standardization are size of an organization, level of skill and knowledge of the staff, types of tasks involved and technicality of the tasks. Dependency theories indicate that organizations are interlinked in inter-organizational and societ al networks that influence inputs and outputs, beliefs and norms (House GLOBE, 2004, p. 81). The Resource dependency theory is the most well developed theory of inter-organizational partnership. The basic assumption of resource dependency theory is that individual organizations do not have all the resources they need to achieve their goals, thus they must acquire resources such as money, people, support services, and technological knowledge from other sources in order to survive.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The motivation of inter-organizational linkages is that it provides stability in organization. These networks help organizations to deal with the uncertainty of lack of resources in the future and to achieve similar, compatible, or congruous goals. In addition, similarity in values and attitudes make the formation of inter-organizational linkages more probable and make these linkages more stable over time. A firm may at times engage in strategic alliances, which are links that firms form in a specific area with other firms; the nature could be arms-length contracts to joint ventures (Yoshina and Rangan, 1995, p.4). Primarily, alliances aid firms to learn new techniques and technology of production from other firms. On the other hand, resource sharing facilitates use of expensive technology, which smaller firms cannot afford. These alliances can sponsor and fund research programs that aid in availability of information and technical advancement, they provide a quicker means of growin g ones organization (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2008, p.187). Designing Organizational Structure Organization structures are essential parts of an organization as they determine how efficiently and effectively an organization accomplishes its goals and objectives. This will involve empowerment, which is a motivation concept that enables employees to achieve desired levels of performance; it occurs when employees are trained and equipped with tools, and information and are fairly rewarded for their contribution (Jain, 2005, p.173). An organization will as well require manage cross-functional teams and self-managed teams, whereby the former involves works teams with members of the same hierarchy level but from different fields of work who come together to accomplish a task, and the latter involves a group of employees who are endowed with authority to make decisions on how its members perform their duties (Boone Kurtz, 2010, p.395). In tall organizational structure, the management should provide empowerment, which is associated to enabling rather than delegating duties, hence employees have capacity to engage and participate in attainment of organizational objectives. By use of self-managed teams, the organization benefits from sound decisions, as decision are made by the persons who are tasked with implementing, hence there is more owning of the decisions. According to DuBrin (2008, p.256), most organizations find it important to address the issue of bureaucracy, which is a systematic mode of organization where regulations and techniques of control are laid. As an organization becomes bureaucratic, it crushes individualism; the people at the top of the hierarchy become further removed from the dynamics of human relations at the problem-solving level, while organization becomes inflexible, which decreases the ability of an organization to respond to changes in the market. Moreover, over-bureaucratization causes inefficiencies in organizations as there is conf using titles and overlapping roles and duties of employees. Nevertheless, bureaucracy characteristics assist managers to formulate hierarchies of authority and specific regulations, which brings order, and prevent abuse of power in organization. By decentralizing, managers can lower the cost of bureaucracy as lower-level managers can make decision (Hill Jones, 2009, p.386). Organizational Specialization, Coordination, and Management of Culture Organizations should participate in CSR activities; indeed, the participation in CSR by companies does directly reflect or promote growth in a company. The promotion of the well-being of its staff influences their productivity. In addition, an organization benefits from increased financial performances and improved relationship between the customers, employees and the community. Corporate organizations are involved in CSR to recognize the significance of its stakeholder with the aim of bringing sustainable results to benefit both the communit y and the company. Customers are drawn to consume products from organizations that are corporate friendly even if they are sold at a premium rate. In terms of environmental conservation, organizations have to maintain and protect the environment in which they operate, and preserve the natural resources. Functional structure is a structure that splits its organization into different departments depending on their roles and functions namely accounting and human resources. These departments are headed by line mangers, with the overall head of the organization being a chief executive officer who is in charge of the whole organization (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2009, p.314). One advantage of functional structure is that it allows specialization and active sharing of information among the various functions in the organization, as well as supporting the use of business level and corporate level strategies. This structure is mainly used in simple organizations that have little diversific ation. An organization may also organize itself around a multidivisional structure, which separates various departments or divisions in an organization led by divisional managers. This is a contrast to functional structure, which has all the branches of the organization under one key leader. Another distinction between the two is that multidivisional structure groups divisions of an organization based on products, services or the market, while functional structure has departments that are based on the functions they play. Therefore, multi-divisional structure can be adopted by organizations when they grow and develop, and there is need for diversifying the products or market. Organizations that produce several types of products or services or conduct their business in different countries or regions also adapt multi-divisional structure. Finally, organizations that cater and produce goods to different customers also favour this organization structure. Organizations move to multidivis ional structure as they grow and diversify their businesses; indeed, this structure enables the managers to compare the performance of each division in terms of profitability (Hill Jones, 2009, p.427). In addition, organizations shift to multidivisional structure when entering new markets and/ or start to produce different products and services to a variety of markets (product diversification). Organizational Design in Changing Global Environment Due to the ever-changing global business environment, organizations have to embrace designs that address the issue of technical complexity, which refers to the level that machinery is used in production at the expense of human resources. Continuous-process technology involves productions, which are entirely mechanized, and complex technology is involved. Technical complexity is higher in continuous process technology since the level of human involvement is very limited; the process also runs continuously from the start to the end (Daft Ma rcic, 2008, p.277). The level of technical complexity of an organization influences the complexity of its structure. Primarily, â€Å"massive technological changes are apparent in areas including manufacturing processes, computer-assisted design, data transmission, advanced communication links, and sophisticated information systems† (Hill Jones, 2009). However, the complexity of an organization structure does not always because of the level of technical complexity. Technical complexity sometimes may result to greater complexity of the employees; this can be dealt with by hiring more qualified and experienced workers, thus raising the cost of operation. Corporate level strategies are strategies that a firm uses to acquire competitive advantage by choosing and managing different groups of businesses competing in different products market (Hill Jones, 2009, p.154). Organizations choose to engage in corporate level strategy to expand their core domain as it facilitates resource allocation process. This is a crucial element in organizations that have multi-business allocation of limited resources. In addition, organizations use corporate-level strategies to expand their business, as the strategy defines the market and helps to evaluate the viability introducing new product lines on top of the existing ones (Hill Jones, 2009, p.285). Similarly, it directs whether to compete directly with other firms or to establish cooperative relationships i.e. strategic alliances are influenced by corporate-level strategy. Corporate strategies determine the type of structure an organization would adapt when they expand from their core domain. In addition, it evaluates the viability of setting up strategic alliances, to what level an organization can diversify and how to enter or leave businesses to maximize the long-run profitability of an organization. When organizations enter new domains, their culture, and structure are likely to be affected or altered. Moreover, some cultures can shift from individualism to collectivism or vice versa. Organizational Change and Stages of Transformation When implementing organizational change, firms have to choose between two main forms of changes, which include evolutionary and revolutionary change. Evolutionary change occurs over a long spell of growth and does not cause any major disturbance to the organizational structure, while revolutionary change is more dramatic or shifts organizational structure (Henry, 2008, p.320). Change is referred to as revolutionary when quantum change radically transforms many elements of a structure of an organization. An example of revolutionary change is sudden closure or merger of some functions or business in organization that result to cut down of staff. An illustration of evolutionary change is improvements or incremental steps to fix a problem or a large part of a system. Organizations are constantly experiencing change caused by various factors in the environment. In this case, planned changes are effected to bring operational efficiency or generate new market, or introduction of new technology while unplanned changes i.e. loss of market or loss of employees can affect organizations negatively. Organization change is any change in the work environment i.e. methods of organizing and running of organizations (Kondalkar, 2009, 159). In addition, organization change can involve major corporate restructuring or minor changes in basic operation procedures. Organization change is also viewed as evolution changes, which result to revolutionary change. Organizations exist in environment that involves constant interaction; there are external forces that contribute to organizational change including technology, socio-cultural changes, political, legal and economics (Kondalkar, 2009, 161). Resistance to change is attributed to both contextual and individual factors. The status quo is the main hindrance of change among individuals, as individuals are accustomed to habits and routines that are difficult to alter. Similarly, the fear of unknown plays a big role in hindrance of organizational change. Contextual factors like roles, attitudes, behaviors, and norms offer resistance to organization change. Therefore, managers should develop and introduce incentive programs that assist employees to accept change. Other factors that cause resistance to change include uncertainty of job security, lack of information, and loss of power or control that may result from the change. Rapidity and the extent of change may also result to resistance; gradual change is easily adapted compared to one that is effected with speed. These types of changes are resisted as they bring about loss of power, downsizing of departments or transfer of managers to sections that are presumed less influential. Moreover, employees in an organization resist technological change if it will result to downsizing or reduce their power and control (Kondalkar, 2009, p.172). Organizat ional Decision Making, Technology, and Innovation The rational approach to decision making is the systematic analysis of a problem and choice of a solution; it consists of two stages, problem identification, and problem solution. It also involves analyzing quantitative data obtained through observations, mathematical analysis or modeling to make long-term decision. There are three main theories that explain the process of decision making in organization – Carnegie decision theory, Garbage Can theory and Incremental theory. Carnegie decision theory illustrates that decisions are not made from a single entity but collection of subunits that comprise an organization. Moreover, Carnegie allows diversity, unlike rational approach (Slack and Parent, 2005, p.263). Garbage Can model/theory factors in, the social and economic structure when making a decision on whom to participate in decision-making and discusses how the cultural values limit the choice outcomes. Garbage Can theory of decision-making indicates that the identification of solution policy does not necessarily arise from problem identification and its analysis. It is important to distinguish Garbage Can model from Incremental model, with the main difference being based on the number and systematic of decisions made; for instance, in Garbage can model, there is flow of multiple decision-making while incremental considers how a single decision is made (Daft, 2009, p.470). Incremental model places less emphasis on the political and social factors that may affect decision-making. Moreover, the incremental decision-making happens over duration of time and not on one spontaneous decision. Innovation is the leading cause of technological change, new and improved methods of operations are being discovered. Technology change enables organizations to produce products and services more effectively. In quantum change, the process is dynamic and continuous; there is constant change in quantum and incremental tec hnology change. This change causes emergence of new range of products, services, industries and affects the economy directly or indirectly. Technological change has resulted to shift of new type of labor, which is cheaper and effective. These changes produce economic growth and increased productivity in the end. They also help to alleviate adverse environmental impact and overcome resource constrains and scarcity (Daft, 2009, p.417). Managing Power, Conflict, and Politics Power, conflict, and politics in an organization seem to be interrelated and interdependent. Power is the â€Å"capacity to influence the attitudes or behavior of others† (Griffins and Moorhead, 2009, p.357); however, politics and influence depend on the â€Å"power relationship between the parties involved.† There is constant competition between different subunits in organization, mainly for resource allocation. This can bring about rivalry among the managers of each subunit with the more influential units influencing decision to their favor. Dominating of a subunit over the others results to conflict whenever a subunit influences decisions without considering the goals of other parties or subunits. Moreover, the subunit in a firm that has the capability of obtaining and controlling most of the resources attain more power over the other subunits. Subunits that are capable of dealing and coping with uncertainty caused by the constantly changing task environment acquire more power over other units. Primarily, prevention, absorption, and acquiring information are methods that organizations can use to cope with uncertainty. The problem of uncertainty can be dealt with by attaining information of likely trends in the future i.e. the information of possible change of prices of raw material in the future help an organization to prepare how to deal with the problem. Another way is absorption, which helps organizations to deal with uncertainties as they affect a subunit. Subunits centra l to work flow, which the other subunits depend on in order to perform their duties, tend to gain power and may influence decision making to their favor. Similarly, subunits that are less centralized from workflow have less power. In addition, subunits that are irreplaceable or non-substitutable exercise power in decision-making, while subunits that are headed by employees who are influential or irreplaceable can use their power and influence to increase the power of their subunits and hence decision-making. Lastly, organization structure can aid a subunit to gain power by allocating roles of decision-making on important issues; subunits, which are actively involved in decision-making, became the most powerful in an organization (Jain, 2005, p.171). Conclusion The organizational research and design are essential during restructuring or effecting changes in organizations. A code of ethics outlines the mode of behavior that is expected from employees of an organization. Organization s tructures like centralization and decentralization determine how organizations make decisions. Additionally, strategic alliances enable organizations to access technology and resources that they cannot afford hence promoting their growth. Empowerment of employees through training and provision of tools and information ensure high productivity of employees, while self-managed teams and cross-functional teams facilitate productivity through cooperation and teamwork. Organizational structure, which may be functional or multidivisional, is important in enhancing the flow of communication and running operations in an organization. Organizations use corporate level strategy to identify the types of product or service they should produce, which markets to venture in or leave and what geographic regions to operate. Subunits can acquire more power through centralization, being capable of handling uncertainties, and ability of subunits to acquire resources. References Berbeito, C. (2004). Hum an resource policies and procedures for nonprofit organizations. NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=I9qQxaaU6WgCpg=PA122dq=code+of+ethics+in+organizationhl=enei=gpgITafLL8L0sgbm2tyTAwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=code%20of%20ethics%20in%20organizationf=false. Bollingtoft, A., Hakonsson, D. Niesen, J. (2009). New Approaches to Organization Design: Theory and practice of adaptive Enterprises. NY: Springer publishing. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=UkHHEXoDJmMCpg=PA79dq=Organizational+theory,+design,+and+changehl=enei=1QsHTbiwIYSbnAevmOn-DQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CD8Q6AEwBA#v=onepageq=Organizational%20theory%2C%20design%2C%20and%20changef=true. Boone, L. Kurtz, D. (2010). Contemporary Business. NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=LPYgF-y7IVICpg=PT650dq=concepts+of+empowerment,+self-managed+teams,+and+cross-functional+teamshl=enei=xJQHTayNIM-jn gfiiIyYDgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDUQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false. Daft, R. (2009). Organizational Theory and Design. OH: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=CmFjF5tNmuECprintsec=frontcoverdq=Organizational+theoryhl=enei=3xEHTajEI8POswbEyvXcDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=6ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepageq=Organizational%20theoryf=false. Daft, R. Marcic, D. (2008). Understanding Management. OH: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=aML0tCTGA6UCpg=PA277dq=Why+is+technical+complexity+greatest+with+continuous-process+technology%3Fhl=enei=7FgHTfK1M4_Oswbzr63pDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=Why%20is%20technical%20complexity%20greatest%20with%20continuous-process%20technology%3Ff=false. DuBrin, A. (2008). Essential of Management. OH: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=dNThzoekGQcCpg=PA256dq=Bureaucracy+in+organizational+structurehl=enei=kkEHTam3DsLOswbqha3y DQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=Bureaucracy%20in%20organizational%20structuref=false. Griffins, R. Moorhead, G. (2009). Organizational Behavior: managing people and organizations. OH: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=RidV6vh08xMCpg=PA418dq=what+is+centralizationhl=enei=ii4HTebPMMf5sgbCo6X4DQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDYQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=what%20is%20centralizationf=false. Henry, A. (2008). Understanding strategic management. NY: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=Sli7_rbsEgcCpg=PA320dq=revolutionary+changehl=enei=o2EHTeTiPI3xsgaakeHkDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEkQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=revolutionary%20changef=false. Hill, C. Jones, G. (2009). Strategic Management theory: an integrated approach. OH: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=CzIK9ELsyYwCpg=PA381dq=Designing+Organizational+Structurehl=enei=Jz4HTYyoIZDFswaa-7jyDQsa=X oi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=Designing%20Organizational%20Structuref=false. Hitt, M. Ireland, R. Hoskisson, R. (2009). Strategic Management: competitiveness and globalization: concepts cases. OH: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=ul5FsIlWa3ECpg=PA314dq=Functional+structurehl=enei=91AHTYaZNKWJnAeH6-DlDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CD0Q6AEwBA#v=onepageq=Functional%20structuref=false. Hitt, M. Ireland, R Hoskisson, R. (2008). Competing for advantage. OH: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=ptLXkW9lT2gCpg=PT208lpg=PT208dq=advantages+of+strategic+alliances+as+a+way+of+exchanging+resources%3Fsource=blots=ga0nztBPPusig=RKjsBqkj8wO7Oa0ub_5qCJDkbw4hl=enei=7ZAHTb6-C9D2sgb3qvHiDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=6ved=0CFIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepageqf=false. House, R. GLOBE. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: the Globe study of 62 societies. NY: SAGE. Retrieved from https://books.googl e.com/books?id=_KsXEJQg9pkCpg=PA81dq=resource+dependency+theoryhl=enei=qjoHTcGWH4zOswavtODvDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=6ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepageq=resource%20dependency%20theoryf=false. Jain, N. (2005). Organizational Behaviour Vol. 1. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers Distributors. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=XuPsE7J-6GcCpg=PA171dq=how+subunits+can+acquire+powerhl=enei=89IITan1M43Eswacq6yUAwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=how%20subunits%20can%20acquire%20powerf=false. Kondalkar. (2009). Organization Effectiveness and Change Management. New Delhi: PHI publishing. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=QBHtaadF3DICpg=PA174dq=Describe+and+explain+the+forces+for+and+resistances+to+organizational+change.hl=enei=T2kITdvZHsSy8QO10dj-Dwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false. Rao, M. Rao, V. (1999). Organization Design Change, and development. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House. Retrieved fr om https://books.google.com/books?id=IAVn__L9r8cCpg=PA106dq=Balance+between+Centralization+and+Decentralizationhl=enei=Pn8HTeDcO6XrnQeZyc25Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CDkQ6AEwBA#v=onepageq=Balance%20between%20Centralization%20and%20Decentralizationf=false. Slack, T. and Parent, M. (2005). Understanding sport organization: the application of organization theory. NY: Human Kinetics. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=6bs9-2bD3cCpg=PA263dq=Carnegie+approaches+to+decision+makinghl=enei=SssITcTnAZH6sgb-__mTAwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=Carnegie%20approaches%20to%20decision%20makingf=false. Wagner, J. Hollenbeck, J. (2009). Organizational Behavior: Securing competitive advantage. NY: Taylor Francis. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezb4y6oGYiwCpg=PA243dq=standardization+and+mutual+adjustmenthl=enei=kzYHTeK5LMbEswaf-PXpDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=standardization%20and%20mutua l%20adjustmentf=false. Yoshina, R. (1995). Strategic alliances: an entrepreneurial approach to globalization. NY: Harvard Business Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=QPm5OnFvrE4Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=what+are+strategic+allianceshl=enei=4UQHTfvZG4HtsgbmwN3oDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false. This essay on Organizational Research and Theory was written and submitted by user Elisabeth Pennington to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ellen Gates Starr Biography

Ellen Gates Starr Biography Ellen Starr was born in Illinois in 1859.  Her father encouraged her in thinking about democracy and social responsibility, and his sister, Ellen’s aunt Eliza Starr, encouraged her to pursue higher education.  There were few women’s colleges, especially in the Midwest; in 1877, Ellen Starr began her studies at Rockford Female Seminary with a curriculum equivalent to that of many men’s colleges. In her first year of study at Rockford Female Seminary, Ellen Starr met and became close friends with Jane Addams.  Ellen Starr left after a year, when her family could no longer afford to pay tuition.  She became a teacher in Mount Morris, Illinois, in 1878, and the following year at a girls’ school in Chicago.  She also read such authors as Charles Dickens and John Ruskin and began shaping her own ideas about labor and other social reforms, and, following her aunt’s lead, about art as well. Jane Addams Her friend, Jane Addams, meanwhile, graduated from Rockford Seminary in 1881, tried to attend a Woman’s Medical College, but left in ill health.  She toured Europe and lived for a while in Baltimore, all the while feeling restless and bored and wanting to apply her education.  She decided to return to Europe for another trip and invited her friend Ellen Starr to go with her. Hull House On that trip, Addams and Starr visited Toynbee Settlement Hall and London’s East End.  Jane had the vision of starting a similar settlement house in America and talked Starr into joining her.  They decided on Chicago, where Starr had been teaching and found an old mansion that had become used for storage, originally owned by the Hull family – thus, Hull House.  They took up residence on September 18, 1889, and began â€Å"settling† in with the neighbors, to experiment with how to best serve the people there, mostly poor and working-class families. Ellen Starr led reading groups and lectures, on the principle that education would help uplift the poor and those who worked at low wages. She taught labor reform ideas, but also literature and art. She organized art exhibits. In 1894, she founded the Chicago Public School Art Society to get art into public school classrooms.  She traveled to London to learn bookbinding, becoming an advocate for the handicrafts as a source of pride and meaning.  She tried to open a book bindery at Hull House, but it was one of the failed experiments. Labor Reform She also became more involved in labor issues in the area, involving immigrants, child labor and safety in the factories and sweatshops in the neighborhood. In 1896, Starr joined the garment workers’ strike in support of the workers. She was a founding member of the Chicago chapter of the Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) in 1904.  In that organization, she, like many other educated women, worked in solidarity with the often-uneducated women factory workers, supporting their strikes, helping them file complaints, raising funds for food and milk, writing articles and otherwise publicizing their conditions to the wider world. In 1914, in a strike against Henrici Restaurant, Starr was among those arrested for disorderly conduct. She was charged with interfering with a police officer, who claimed she had used violence against him and â€Å"tried to frighten him† by telling him to â€Å"leave them girls be!†Ã‚  She, a frail woman of at best a hundred pounds, did not look to those in court like someone who could frighten a policeman from his duties, and she was acquitted. Socialism After 1916, Starr was less active in such confrontational situations. While Jane Addams generally did not get involved in partisan politics, Starr joined the Socialist Party in 1911 and was a candidate in the 19th ward for the alderman’s seat on the Socialist ticket.  As a woman and a Socialist, she did not expect to win but used her campaign to draw connections between her Christianity and Socialism and to advocate for more fair working conditions and treatment of all.  She was active with the Socialists until 1928. Religious Conversion Addams and Starr disagreed about religion, as Starr moved from her Unitarian roots in a spiritual journey that took her to conversion to Roman Catholicism in 1920. Later Life She withdrew from public view as her health grew poorer.  A spinal abscess led to surgery in 1929, and she was paralyzed after the operation.  Hull House was not equipped or staffed for the level of care that she needed, so she moved to the Convent of the Holy Child in Suffern, New York. She was able to read and paint and maintain a correspondence, remaining at the convent until her death in 1940. Ellen Gates Starr Facts Known for:  co-founder of Chicago’s Hull House, with Jane AddamsOccupation:  settlement house worker, teacher, reformerDates:  March 19, 1859 - 1940Also known as: Ellen StarrReligion: Unitarian, then Roman CatholicOrganizations:  Hull House, Women’s Trade Union LeagueEducation: Rockford Female Seminary Family Mother: Susan Gates ChildsFather: Caleb Allen Starr, farmer, businessman, active in the GrangeAunt: Eliza Allen Starr, art scholar

How To Stress Syllables in Japanese Pronunciation

How To Stress Syllables in Japanese Pronunciation For non-native Japanese speakers, learning the cadence of the spoken language can be very challenging.  Japanese has a pitch accent or musical accent, which can sound like a monotone to a new speakers ear. It is quite different from the stress accent found in English, other European languages and some Asian languages. This different accent system is also why Japanese speakers often struggle with putting the accent on the correct syllables when learning English.   A stress accent pronounces the syllable louder and holds it longer. English speakers speed up between accented syllables without really thinking about it, as a habit. But the pitch accent is based on the two relative pitch levels of high and low. Each syllable is pronounced with equal length, and each word has its own determined pitch and only one accent summit. Japanese sentences are constructed so that when spoken, the words sound almost like a melody, ​with rising and falling pitches. Unlike Englishs uneven, often halting rhythm, when spoken correctly Japanese sounds like a steadily flowing stream, particularly to the trained ear. The origin of the Japanese language has been a mystery to linguists for some time. Although it bears some similarities to Chinese, borrowing some Chinese characters in its written form, many linguists consider Japanese and so-called Japonic languages (most of which are considered dialects) to be a language isolate. Regional Japanese Dialects Japan has many regional dialects (hogen), and the  different dialects all have different accents. In Chinese, dialects (Mandarin, Cantonese, etc) vary so widely that speakers of different dialects are not able to understand each other.   But in Japanese, there are usually no  communication problems among people of different dialects since everybody understands standard Japanese (hyoujungo, a dialect spoken in Tokyo). In most cases, accentuation doesnt make a difference in the meaning of the words, and the Kyoto-Osaka dialects dont differ from Tokyo dialects in their vocabularies.   The one exception is the Ryukyuan versions of Japanese, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands. While most Japanese speakers consider these to be dialects of the same language, these varieties may not be easily understood by those who speak Tokyo dialects. Even among the Ryukyuan dialects, there may be difficulty understanding each other. But the official stance of the Japanese government is that the Ryukyuan languages represent dialects of standard Japanese and are not separate languages.   Pronunciation of Japanese The pronunciation of Japanese is relatively easy compared with other aspects of the language. However, it requires an understanding of Japanese sounds, pitch accent, and intonation to sound like a native speaker. It also takes time and patience, and its easy to get frustrated. The best way to learn how to speak Japanese is to listen to the spoken language and try to imitate the way native speakers say and pronounce words.  A non-native speaker who focuses too much on the spelling or writing of Japanese without taking into account the pronunciation will have difficulty learning how to sound authentic.

Entrepreneurship in the Creative Economy Research Paper

Entrepreneurship in the Creative Economy - Research Paper Example The more significant aspect of this process has been the creativity and innovativeness of individuals in exploiting emerging opportunities in business. In doing so, they have improved their own welfare, and laid down an operational base upon which other people can build their social and economic livelihoods. The academia world has also moved fast to cover, encourage, and promote all levels of entrepreneurship, especially in the context of creative world economy.Entrepreneurship has been accorded significant attention in every level of entrepreneurial-based operations. Although entrepreneurship is associated with individual operations in relation to setting up and running business ventures, it has come to be a source of social and economic livelihood for massive populations around the world. Firms and organizations have embraced entrepreneurial function in many aspects of their operations, in a bid to exploit the creativity and innovativeness of entrepreneurs across the globe. The int egration of entrepreneurship in global business undertakings, and the subsequent advancement of entrepreneurial concepts have captured the attention of various scholars. Charlotte and Naudin (2006) consider curriculum design and development for the various creative industries, with specific concern on current attitudes and emerging issues in these creative industries. The enterprise curriculum considered in this text does not fail to treat entrepreneurship with utmost interest. Entrepreneurship is a key driver in today’s economy, at both national and international levels. The curriculum specifically tries to assess and evaluate the issues and attitudes that characterize the existing creative industries, entrepreneurship included. Entrepreneurship practices are guided by various attitudes, and also face diverse and dynamic issues from time to time. Entrepreneurs establish their operation for different motives, but are commonly guided by the need for social and economic success . In that pursuit, they work their way to satisfy variant market needs within the relevant industries that entrepreneurial ventures are established. The motive to succeed and at the same time satisfy market demands shapes the observed attitudes in entrepreneurial operations (Charlotte & Naudin, 2006). Emerging issues in the same context could be cultural, social, economic, or political in nature. However, the creativity, innovativeness, knowledge and skills that entrepreneurs exhibit counters the negativity of such issues. Cultural, social, economic, or political factors also influence entrepreneurship positively. Entrepreneurs have realized enormous encouragement and assistance for each of the mentioned factors in every level of entrepreneurial practice. Each of these factors has provided a favorable and efficient environment within which entrepreneurs thrive. Literature and academic sources have developed interest into entrepreneurial matters, resulting in the integration of entre preneurship and other enterprises into the development of curriculums for use in academic purposes. Green community entrepreneurship: creative destruction in the social economy Globalization has enhanced entrepreneurship practices around the world. This has been realized due to the ever rising industrialization, economic integration between economies, and state interdependencies across the globe in relation to

Discuss the banking regulatory and market framework in UK, address Assignment

Discuss the banking regulatory and market framework in UK, address thestrengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats - Assignment Example In 2009, collections for insurance premiums alone totalled nearly ?200 billion. The UK market for equities garnered 17% share of the global market in 2009, ranking only behind New York. Likewise, the fund management industry ranks among the world’s largest, managing some ?4.1 trillion for the year 2009. All in all, the financial services sector turned in the largest volume of corporate taxes for 2010, which comprised 11.2% of total tax receipts for the entire year. Contribution of output & employment to the UK economy from each financial services sector Financial Services Sub-Sectors Output (% of GDP) Employment Banking 5% 435,000 Insurance 2% 300,000 Fund Management 1% 50,000 Others including securities derivatives, commodities, and bullion 3% 208,000 Total 10% 993,000 Source: U.K. Parliament, 2011 Definition of financial stability The Bank of England is the statutorily designated entity to ensure the financial stability of the financial system of the UK, as pronounced in the Banking Act 2009. The specific definition of financial stability is difficult to delineate, because its context evolves over time. According to Adrian Coles, Director General of the Building Societies Association, articulated a definition for the proximate term, â€Å"monetary stability† in terms of a measurable objective, that is, the maintenance of a target inflation at 2%. In contrast, he highlights the elusiveness of the definition of financial stability: â€Å"How do we measure financial stability? How do we measure the success of the PRA? Is it one collapsed institution a year is okay but five, the Governor of the Bank has to write a letter to the Chancellor of the Exchequer?† (Coles, in UK Parliament, 2011). This is one of the problems that must be faced if an agency is to be created and charged with the monitoring and maintenance of financial stability in the UK financial services industry. A consensus must be arrived at concerning its meaning, the extent to w hich it shall be achieved, the powers needed to ensure it, whether other policy objectives may be traded off for it, and in the case of the latter, how such trade-offs may be carried out. The most likely measures are to institute tighter measures to ensure increased capital ratios and improved quality of capital; however, these may only mitigate the dire effects of a crisis, not prevent them. In the past, however, the economic shocks used to emanate elsewhere in the system, such as in trade or business operations, and sometimes as a repercussion of unforeseen events, and then trickle down to the financial system. The recent crisis, however, emanated from a cause principally within the system, as a direct consequence of the actions of financial institutions, and then transmitted through the financial network by contagion (UK Parliament, 2011). In a market based economy, uncompetitive and inefficiently managed corporations should be allowed to fail: such is the position of the UK fina ncial authorities. In a stable financial system, though, other institutions should not be hard hit by contagion, or the adverse effects should be limited. The companies destined to fail should fail in such a way that it is the shareholders and creditors of the company that bear the risk of failure, not the public. â€Å"If necessary, an institution can be allowed to fail in a way that does not disrupt the financial system as a whole† (Treasury Committee, in UK Parliament, 2011). A major concern that must be addressed in the containment of contagion risks is the

Ir Spectral Analysis Of Oxovanadium Acetylacetone Biology Essay

Ir Spectral Analysis Of Oxovanadium Acetylacetone Biology Essay Complex will have ligand that will form coordination bond to the metal center by donating lone pairs of electrons to the empty d-orbital of the metal which is similar to the Lewis acid-base reaction. In this experiment, Acetylacetone and pyridine is the ligand will act as Lewis base and will be coordinated to the metal center of Vanadium, V, which is the Lewis acid. Acetylacetone is a ÃŽ ²-diketone that contains two alpha hydrogen atoms adjacent to the two carbonyl groups. As carbonyl-group is electron withdrawing group, these two carbonyl functional group will create an inductive effect which cause the alpha hydrogen to be more acidic and be easily deprotonated. Resonance stability of delocalising the anion formed from the deprotonation under basic condition also increases the probability of the deprotonation as shown in Figure 1: Figure 1: Mechanism of the deprotonation and delocalization of the alpha hydrogen Acetylacetone exist in both keto and enol isomer form as shown in Figure 2: Figure 2: Keto-enol tautomerisation of the Acetylacetone The enolate anion is able to act as a bidentate ligand as it can chelate onto the oxovanadium metal ion with the two oxygen atoms as the binding sites to form the VO(acac)2 complexes. Two acetylacetonate ligands are able to bind to the oxovanadium metal and form a square pyramidal complex. Addition of the pyridine compound will form an octahedral geometry complex. These can be further proven using IR spectroscopy where the different strengths, lengths and nature as according to Hookes law, IR absorption spectra is able to be unique for each complex. Experimental Procedure Preparation of VO(acac)2 The preparation of VO(acac)2 started with 5ml of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) slowly added to 5 ml of deionized water in a 50 ml round-bottomed flask. Then, 18 ml of ethanol and followed by 2 g of vanadium pentaoxide (V2O5) was added into the round bottom flask. The solution was refluxed in an oil bath for an hour. The mixture was then cooled and filtered using cotton wool. Subsequently, 6 ml of Acetylacetone was added drop wise to the filtrate. The reaction mixture was carefully added portion by portion to the solution that contained 7.4g of Na2CO3 in 120 ml of deionsed water in a 500 ml conical flask. The mixture was then cooled in ice water and filtered to obtain the dark green product. Product was dried under IR lamp. The product was weighted and percentage yield was calculated. Preparation of VO (acac)2py The VO(acac)2py was prepared first by dissolving 0.5 g of the VO(acac)2 products obtained in 20 ml of ethanol in a 50ml of round bottom flask. Then, the mixture was refluxed vigorously with 2 ml of pyridine for one hour which was then concentrated using rotary evaporator. Crystal of crude VO(acac)2py formed upon cooling in ice water which was then filtered and wash with 5 ml of ether. Product was dried under IR lamp. The crude dry product was weighted and percentage yield was calculated. The IR spectrum of product was then determined. Data Treatment and Analysis Calculation of Percentage Yield of VO(acac)2 The percentage yield was calculated using the following equation: V2O5 + 4H+ Æ’Â   2(VO)2+ + 2H2O + O2 -Reaction 1 2(VO)2+ + 2 acacH Æ’Â   2H+ + VO(acac)2 Reaction 2 Mole of H2SO4 used = Amount of H+ present = 0.0938 mol x 2 = 0.1876 mol Mole of acac used = Mole of V2O5 used = (limiting agent) The ratio of V2O5 and VO2+ is 1:2, Mole of VO2+ used = 0.0111 mols x 2 = 0.0222 mols As ratio of VO2+ and VO(acac)2 is 1:1, then theoretical mole of VO(acac)2 = 0.0222 mols Theoretical mass of VO(acac)2 = mole of VO(acac)2 x molar mass of VO(acac)2 = 0.0222 mols X 265.16 g/mol = 5.890 g Percentage yield of VO(acac)2 = Calculation of Percentage Yield of VO(acac)2py Mole of pyridine used = Mole of VO(acac)2 used = (limiting agent) VO(acac)2 is the limiting agent. The ratio of VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py is 1:1. Mole of VO(acac)2py = 0.00194 mols Hence, theoretical mass of VO(acac)2py = mole of VO(acac)2py X molar mass of VO(acac)2py = 0.00194 mols x 344.26 g/mol = 0.667 g Percentage of VO(acac)2py yield = Infra-red Spectroscopy Table 1: Summarized Data from IR spectrum of VO(acac)2py Important peaks observed in the spectrum of VO(acac)2 /cm-1 Important peaks observed in the spectrum of VO(acac)2py /cm-1 997.7 998.04 966.04 3449.72 Discussion Geometry of VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py Vanadium [IV] metal exists as vanadyl, VO2+ in aqueous solution. Before the reaction of the VO2+ with the acetylacetonate, VO2+ is coordinated to five water molecules and existed as octahedral geometry. However, acetylacetonate is a stronger ligand that displaces the water molecules. Since Vanadium is bonded to oxygen with a V=O bond, only 2 acetylacetonate will only be able to form coordinate bond with the vanadium central metal ion to form the VO(acac)2 complex with a square pyramidal geometry as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3: Reaction diagram of the coordination geometry of VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py The geometry of this complex is in the square pyramidal geometry instead of the trigonal pyramidal geometry is due to the steric effect caused by the acetylacetonate ligands. The geometry of the square pyramidal is to reduce the steric repulsion to the minimum with the optimal distance apart of the two ligands. Also, from Figure 3, it can be seen that there is a vacant coordination site on the principle z-axis available which allow another more coordination site if there is the presence of strong ligand such as pyridine in this experiment. Therefore, complexation occurred between the pyridine molecules and the VO(acac)2 where nitrogen lone pair in the pyridine molecules act as a Ï€- donor-ligand and strong Lewis base that donate the lone pair of electron to the VO(acac)2 complexes at the vacant coordination site. With the new VO(acac)2py complex formed having a distorted octahedral geometry due to the unequal bond length between the V=O bond and the V=N bond at the axial position of the vanadium metal centre which lead to asymmetry. Also, the octahedral geometry of the VO(acac)2py is a 6-coordinate complex that is of high thermodynamic stability. Shifting of the V=O stretching band The complex of the VO(acac)2 has an oxidation complex of +4 which the vanadium(IV) ion exists as a d1. Using the Crystal Field Theory, there is electronic repulsion between the electrons of the acac ligands and the electron on the vanadium metal ion which causes the initially degenerate 5 d-orbitals of vanadium metal ion to split into two different levels. The level with the lower energy has a t2g symmetry and consists of the dxy, dxz, and dyz atomic orbitals. The level with the higher energy has eg symmetry and consists of the dx2-y2 and dx2 orbitals. The difference between the energy levels is the ligand field splitting parameter, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  o. In the octahedral geometry, eg orbitals are on the axial direction and are the most affected by the electrostatic repulsion which destabilize the orbitals and excite them to higher energy level. The t2g orbital is not on the axial position and thus, not much affected by repulsion and thus, stabilized and move to lower energy as shown in Figure 4: eg orbital à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  0 Energy dx2-y2 dx2 dxy dxz dyz t2g orbital Figure 4: Molecular diagram illustration of Crystal Field Theory As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the pyridine is a Ï€ donor ligand that binds to the VO(acac)2 complex at the vacant site at the axial position of the vanadium(IV) ion. The addition of the pyridine to the complex reduces à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  0 which this reduction of the splitting parameter was observed using the comparison of the IR spectrum of the VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py. From the spectrum found in Appendix 2, the spectrum of the VO(acac)2py complex can be seen that the V=O stretching frequency of VO(acac)2py complex is 32 cm-1 lower than the VO(acac)2 complex when the V=O stretching frequency decrease from 998.04 cm-1 to 966.04 cm-1. These reduces of the stretching frequency is proportional to the stretching energy of the V=O bond of the complex. The addition of the pyridine will result in the reduction of the stretching energy of the V=O bond. This shows that the V=O bond of the VO(acac)2py is destabilized upon the addition of pyridine to VO(acac)2. This can be shown using Hookes Law as shown: where v is the stretching frequency in cm-1, k is the force constant, ÃŽ ¼ is the reduced mass. The binding of the pyridine has decrease the force constant and the lone pair of the pyridine ligand is electron-donating which increases the mass of vanadium ion that result in larger reduced mass, ÃŽ ¼, which according to the Hookes law, result in lower stretching frequency wavenumber. The wave number is proportional to the amount of energy that is needed for transition where it highly depends on the ligand field splitting parameter. The shifting of the stretching frequency indicate that the ligand field splitting parameter has decreased in magnitude which the addition of the pyridine ligand has caused destabilization of VO(acac)2py complex. Similarly, the lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen in pyridine is added onto the anti-bonding of the molecular orbitals of VO(acac)2 complex. This causes the pyridine to be trans to the V=O bond. Also, this bonding of the electrons donated will increase the electron density of the vanadiums d orbitals which will decrease the p Ï€ → d Ï€ donation from oxygen atom to the vanadium atom in the V=O bond. This result in the falls of the bond order of the complex and the lowering of the bond strength which also lengthen the V=O bond length. Overall, there is decrease of energy need to stretch the V=O bond and thus lead to the shifting of the V=O stretching vibration to lower frequency in the spectrum. This also further proven that the VO(acac)2py has an octahedral structure. Also, there is the delocalization of the Ï€ electrons from the aromatic ring of the pyridine which able to stabilize the complex more and decrease the p Ï€ → d Ï€ donation from oxygen to vanadium in the V=O bond. This make the vanadium-pyridine complexation more feasible and stable that result in the stronger V-N stretching bond which gain partial double bond character. As a result of the inter-electron repulsion, the electron density of the V=O bond is then shifted towards the oxygen atom and cause the weakening of the V=O double bond that cause the bond to loses the characteristic of the double bond nature. Thus, lesser energy is needed to stretch the weakened and lengthened V=O bond and lead to the shifting of the frequency of the spectrum. There is also the reason of the trans influence where the trans influence is the effect of pyridine ligand that weakens the bond that is trans to itself in the complex. The electrons of the oxo-ligand in the axial position of the complex occupies the dz2 orbital that will cause new binding ligand to form coordinate bond with the vanadium ion to be trans position to the oxo ligand. Pyridine ligand have donate electrons to the VO(acac)2 complex metal center and reside in the 3dz2 orbital from the site trans to the oxygen atom which causes repulsion. Therefore, the pyridine ligand and the oxo-ligand are in the trans position to each other which uses the same orbitals on the metal vanadium ion for bonding. However, the oxygen atom cannot donate the electrons to the metal as well as the pyridine ligand which causes the V=O bond to be weaker. Therefore, both axial bonds to the vanadium are weakened and lengthened which decrease the force constant (k) and decrease the stretching frequency. The shift also helps to confirm the presence of VO(acac)2py. On the other hand, the VO(acac)2py spectrum found in Appendix 2 have showed peak of 998.04 cm-1 which has a small different to the 997.7cm-1 peak found in the VO(acac)2 spectrum. This shows that there is still presence of VO(acac)2 in the product. Also the literature value of the V=O stretching bond of the VO(acac)2 is found out to be 995 cm-1 which is close to the 997.7 cm-1 in the product spectrum. These further prove that the VO(acac)2 is present. This can explain for the relatively low yield of 58.5% of the VO(acac)2py synthesis as the reaction has not gone into completion. However, comparing the intensity of the peak of 997.7 cm-1 and 966.04 cm-1 which indicate V=O bond in VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py complex respectively, there is higher intensity of the 966.04cm-1 which show that more pyridine adduct is formed in product. This also shows that the reaction may be an equilibrium reaction where both product and reactant can be present. This result can also be interpreted as the reac tion is not complete and more reflux time or higher temperature for reflux is needed to carry out to ensure more products formed. Lastly, there is a broad low intensity peak at 3449.72 at the VO(acac)2py spectrum found in Appendix 2 which was due to the presence of water that may be caused by insufficient drying of the VO(acac)2py product. Observation of Color changes During the synthesis of the complex, there is a series of observation of color changing of the compound in the solution. The color changes observed during the synthesis of the VO(acac)2 is due to the change of the oxidation state of V2O5 (oxidation state of V = +5). The orange powder of V2O2 is being reacted with the H2O and H2SO4 to reduce to a dark green solution of [V(H2O)5]3+ (oxidation state of V= +3) complex during middle of the vigorous reflux. When the reflux is complete, the solution was in dark blue color which is due to the reduction of the remaining V2O5 to dark blue [VO(SO4)(H2O)5] complex (oxidation state of V = +4). During the forming of the pyridine adduct, the dark blue VO(acac)2 is changed to dark green VO(acac)2py complex. This color changing phenomenon can also be explained using the Crystal Field Theory mentioned. Electrons of the two different energy level orbitals can be excited with à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  o energy. The higher the oxidation state, there will be more different between the two splitting energy levels which therefore lead to higher à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  0. For V2O5 (oxidation state of V = +5) will have a higher à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  0 and hence will absorbs light of the electromagnetic spectrum of higher energy with higher frequency and reflect low energy light. Therefore, V2O5 will absorb the blue-green light of higher energy and reflect orange of lower energy light which is shown off as orange with naked eyes. When there is a reduction of the compound to VO(acac)2 or VO(acac)2py compound, the light absorbed was at lower frequency and light reflected was of higher frequency such as blue-green and thus, there is the change of orange powder to blue-green product. Therefore, VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py appe ared as blue-green compounds. Possible Limitations and Sources of Errors in Experiment There are several limitations of the experiment that result in not having 100% yield of the product of both VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py complexes. Firstly, there may be loss of product due to the cotton wool filtration that causes some of the filtrate to be trapped in the cotton wool and unable to pass through. Secondly, according to the Le-Chateliers principle, for the Reaction 2, if there is an increase in the H+ concentration, reaction will shift the concentration of the reaction to the left which result in lesser product produce. When the reaction mixture is added slowly to the alkaline sodium carbonate solution, incomplete neutralization may occur where not all H+ are removed, and hence lesser product is produced. Therefore, longer cooling time will be needed for re-crystallization so as to allow more crystallization of VO(acac)2 and push the reaction to the right. Another limitation is of using of the sulphuric acid, H2SO4 may result in the reduction of the VO2+ ions to V3+ ions which decrease VO2+ ions available for product of VO(acac)2 formations. The lower percentage yield of the VO(acac)2py may be due to incomplete refluxing and thus lead to low yield obtained. Also, impurities may be present in the VO(acac)2 product produced that observed at the bottom of the flaks which lead to false weight measured and inaccurate percentage calculated. The round bottom flask should be swirled every fifteen minutes during the reflux which can prevent the settling of the V2O5 solid at the bottom of the flask and identifying impurities. The yield of the VO(acac)2py can be improved with addition of excess pyridine and increase the reflux time. Possible Precaution in Experiment For the synthesis of the VO(acac)2 complexes, there is a step of the adding of ethanol into the mixture of solution for reflux. Ethanol was used as solvent. The metal vanadium atom is surrounded by non-polar ligands of acetylacetonate or pyridine in second part of the experiment. Ethanol is more non-polar than water and will form solvent-solute interactions with the complexes and dissolve those ligands for better interaction in the solution. The use of the ethanol also helps to separate the VO(acac)2 from the insoluble V2O5 residue that will be filtered and remain in the cotton wool during filtration. Also, ethanol was used to prevent side reaction that will arise so as to increase the yield of the product. From reaction 1, there is the reaction of the V2O5 and the H2SO4 to produce the intermediate VO2+ ion that besides reacting with the acetylacetonate in reaction 2, VO2+ can react with the water and oxygen molecules by-product formed from reaction 1. It is as shown in Reaction 3. The side reaction will decrease the amount of VO2+ available for reaction with the acetylacetonate in reaction 3 to form product of VO(acac)2. This will decrease the amount of yield of the product produced. 4VO2+ + 2H2O + O2  ® 4VO2+ + 4H+ Reaction 3 However, this side reaction can be reduced with the addition of ethanol where ethanol will react with oxygen and produce acetaldehyde as shown: C2H5OH +  ½O2  ® CH3CHO + H2O Reaction 4 Also, using vacuum to remove the oxygen and water formed can be a good way to reduce problem of side reaction with VO2+. Another precaution taken was adding drop wise of the acetylacetonate to ensure sufficient reaction time and prevent influx of the H+ concentration and shift the equilibrium to the left and decrease the yield of the product formed. Anhydrous sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, was dissolved in water so as to form alkaline solution to neutralise H+ ions so as to shift the acetylacetonate toward the enol form. This will increase the formation of the VO(acac)2 products. Also, the mixture solution was added slowly to the sodium carbonate solution so as to prevent the rapid foaming caused by the product of CO2 and lose of product due to overflowing. Also, slowly adjusting the pH with more alkaline environment and less mixture solution allows the reaction to react at steady pace and reduce any side reaction to occur. Conclusion The percentage yield of the product of VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py complex were 77.8% and 58.5% respectively. From the IR spectrum of VO(acac)2py, it is shown that the V=O bond have shifted from 9998.04 cm-1 to 966.04 cm-1. This shifting of the peak indicate the formation of the pyridine adduct, VO(acac)2py, with the decrease in the wavenumber of the V=O stretching band.